Note 2: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) and the applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Reclassifications

Prior period restricted cash amount included within the balance sheet statement has been reclassified or presented to conform with the current period presentation. The amounts of restricted cash were presented as current assets, as the related contractual restrictions are expected to expire within one year. The reclassifications and changes in presentation had no impact on the Company's net loss or balance sheet.

Segments

The Company determines its operating segments on the same basis as it assesses performance and makes operating decisions. The Company principally operates in two distinct business segments: the Content Production and Distribution Segment, which produces and distributes children’s content, and the Media Advisory and Advertising Services Segment, which provides media and advertising services. These segments are reflective of how the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) reviews operating results for the purposes of allocating resources and assessing performance. The Company has identified its Chief Executive Officer as the CODM. The segments are organized around the products and services provided to customers and represent the Company’s reportable segments.

The accounting policies for each segment are the same as for the Company as a whole. Refer to Note 21 for additional information.

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Kartoon Studios, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company consolidates all majority-owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities where the Company has been determined to be the primary beneficiary. The interests in a variable interest entity which the Company does not control are recorded as non-controlling interests. Non-consolidated investments are accounted for using the equity method or the fair value option and recorded at fair value with changes recognized within Other Income (Expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Variable Interest Entities

The Company holds an interest in Stan Lee University, LLC (“SLU”), an entity that is considered a variable interest entity (“VIE”). The variable interest relates to 50% ownership in the entity that is comprised of the Stan Lee Assets and that requires additional financial support from the Company to continue operations. The Company is considered the primary beneficiary and is required to consolidate the VIE.

In evaluating whether the Company has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, the Company considers the purpose for which the VIE was created, the importance of each of the activities in which it is engaged and the Company’s decision-making role, if any, in those activities that significantly determine the entity’s economic performance as compared to other economic interest holders. This evaluation requires consideration of all facts and circumstances relevant to decision-making that affects the entity’s future performance and the exercise of professional judgment in deciding which decision-making rights are most important.

In determining whether the Company has the right to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE, the Company evaluates all of its economic interests in the entity, regardless of form (debt, equity, management and servicing fees, and other contractual arrangements). This evaluation considers all relevant factors of the entity’s design, including: the entity’s capital structure, contractual rights to earnings (losses), subordination of the Company’s interests relative to those of other investors, contingent payments, as well as other contractual arrangements that have the potential to be economically significant. The evaluation of each of these factors in reaching a conclusion about the potential significance of the Company’s economic interests is a matter that requires the exercise of professional judgment. The Company continuously assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity as changes to existing relationships or future transactions may result in the Company consolidating its collaborators or partners.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates in our consolidated financial statements, include, but are not limited to: content inventory; income taxes; initial valuation and subsequent impairment testing of intangible assets; fair value of financial instruments; share-based payment arrangements; and commitments and contingencies. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis.

Foreign Currency

The Company considers the USD to be its functional currency for its United States and certain Canadian based operations. The CAD is the functional currency of Wow, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Accordingly, the financial information is translated from CAD to USD for inclusion in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the period, and assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Resulting translation adjustments are included as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, net in stockholders’ equity.

Foreign exchange (“FX”) transaction gains and losses are included in Other Income (Expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.

Foreign Currency Forward Contracts

The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Wow, is exposed to fluctuations in various foreign currencies against its functional currency, the Canadian dollar. Wow uses foreign currency derivatives, specifically foreign currency forward contracts (“FX forwards”), to manage its exposure to fluctuations in the CAD-USD exchange rates. FX forwards involve fixing the foreign currency exchange rate for delivery of a specified amount of foreign currency on a specified date. The FX forwards are typically settled in CAD for their fair value at or close to their settlement date. The Company does not currently designate any of the FX forwards under hedge accounting and therefore reflects changes in fair value as unrealized gains or losses immediately in earnings as part of the revenue generated from the transactions hedged. The Company does not hold or use these instruments for speculative or trading purposes.

Per FASB ASC 815-10-45, Derivatives and Hedging, the Company has elected an accounting policy to offset the fair value amounts recognized for eligible forward contract derivative instruments. Therefore, the Company presents the asset or liability position of the FX forwards that are with the same counterparty net as either an asset or liability in its consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2024, the gross amounts of foreign currency (“FX”) forward contracts in an asset and liability position subject to a master netting arrangement resulted in a net liability of $0.6 million recorded within Other Current Liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023, the FX contracts were fully settled and netted to zero on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded a realized loss of $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, on FX forward contracts within Production Services Revenue on the consolidated statements of operations.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments with initial maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had cash of $8.4 million and $4.1 million, respectively, that at times could exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or Canadian Deposit Insurance Corporation (“CDIC”) limits. Any loss incurred or a lack of access to such funds could have a significant adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. The availability of certain short-term lines of credit is dependent on the Company maintaining compensating balances. The compensating balances are not legally restricted and may be withdrawn, therefore the Company classifies them as cash on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total compensating balance maintained was $0.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The Company did not have any cash equivalents as of the periods presented. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 the Company held $0.5 million in restricted cash. This balance primarily represents collateral pledged in connection with one of the subsidiary’s corporate American Express program. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has no cash minimum requirements.

Trade Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Loss

Accounts receivables are presented on the consolidated balance sheets, net of estimated credit losses. The carrying amounts of trade accounts receivable and unbilled accounts receivable represent the maximum credit risk exposure of these assets. On a quarterly basis, in accordance with FASB ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASC 326”), the Company evaluates the collectability of outstanding accounts receivable balances to determine an allowance for credit loss that reflects its best estimate of the lifetime expected credit losses. The allowance for credit loss is based on an assessment of past events, current economic conditions, and forecasts of future events. Individual uncollectible accounts are written off against the allowance when collection of the individual accounts does not appear probable. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an allowance for credit loss of $239,439 and $189,245, respectively.

The Company limits its exposure to this credit risk through a credit approval process and credit monitoring procedures. In addition, Wow’s contracts with customers usually require upfront and milestone payments throughout the production process. The Company’s customer base is mainly comprised of major Canadian, American, and worldwide studios, distributors, broadcasters, toy companies and AVOD and SVOD platforms that have been customers for several years.

Tax Credits Receivable

The Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) and certain provincial governments in Canada provide programs that are designed to assist film and television production in the form of refundable tax credits or other incentives.

Estimated amounts receivable in respect of refundable tax credits are recorded as an offset to the related production operating cost, or to investment in film and television costs when the conditions for eligibility of production assistance based on the government’s criteria are met, the qualifying expenditures are made and there is reasonable assurance of realization. Determination of when and if the conditions of eligibility have been met is based on management’s judgment, and the amount recognized is based on management’s estimates of qualifying expenditures. The ultimate collection of previously recorded estimates is subject to ordinary course audits from the CRA and provincial agencies. Changes in administrative policies by the CRA or subsequent review of eligibility documentation may impact the collectability of these estimates. The Company continuously reviews the results of these audits to determine if any circumstances arise that in management’s judgment would result in a previously recognized amount to be considered no longer collectible.

The Company classifies majority of the tax credits receivable as current based on their normal operating cycle. Government assistance, in the form of refundable tax credits, is relied upon as a key component of production financing. These amounts are claimed from the CRA through the submission of income tax returns and can take up to 18 to 24 months from the date of the first tax credit dollar being earned to being received. As this financing is fundamental to the Company’s ability to produce animated productions and generate revenue in the normal course of business, the normal operating cycle for such assets is considered to be a 12 to 24-month period, or the time it takes for the CRA to assess and refund the tax credits earned.

As of December 31, 2024, a portion of the Company’s tax credits receivable is presented as a long-term asset due to uncertainty regarding the timing of obtaining the necessary certifications required to process the tax credits. Management will continue to monitor the status of the outstanding items and reclassify the receivable to current when the timing of collection becomes reasonably estimable.

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $12.7 million and $20.7 million in tax credit receivables related to Wow’s film and television productions were recorded, net of $0.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively, recorded as an allowance for credit loss. As of December 31, 2024, $2.4 million, in tax credits receivable net of $0.4 million allowance for credit loss was presented as non-current asset. The Company did not have any non-current tax credits receivable as of December 31, 2023.

Employee Retention Tax Credit (ERTC)

In March 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act was signed into law, providing numerous tax provisions and other stimulus measures, including the Employee Retention Tax Credit. The Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020 and the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 extended the availability of the ERTC. The Company accounted for the ERTC as a gain contingency in accordance with ASC 450-30 - Gain Contingencies. Under this standard, the ERTC was recognized only after the contingency was resolved and deemed realizable.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized an ERTC benefit totaling $1.2 million. This amount is included in Other Income (Expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2024 we had not received any refunds related to the ERTC and we had an outstanding receivable of $1.2 million which is recorded in other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet. Subsequent to December 31, 2024 we received $0.2 million of ERTC refunds from the IRS, updating the outstanding receivable to $1.0 million. The Company did not record any ERTC benefits in the year ended December 31, 2023.

Marketable Debt Securities

The Company purchases high quality, investment grade securities from diverse issuers. Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation as of each balance sheet date. Currently, the Company classifies its investments in marketable securities as available-for-sale (“AFS”) and records these investments at fair value. The securities are available to support current operations and, accordingly, the Company classifies the investments as current assets without regard to their contractual maturity.

Unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities for which the Company expects to fully recover the amortized cost basis are recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), a component of stockholders’ equity. Gains and losses as a result of sales of securities are reclassified from previously unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss to Other Income (Expense), net, in the consolidated statements of operations.

On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews its AFS securities to assess declines in fair value for credit losses. For each AFS security with an amortized cost that exceeds its fair value, the Company first determines if it intends to sell or is more-likely-than-not required to sell the debt security before the expected recovery of its amortized cost. If it intends to sell or will more-likely-than-not be required to sell the security, the Company recognizes the impairment as a credit loss in the consolidated statements of operations by writing down the security’s amortized cost to its fair value. For AFS securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss. The portion of the decline in fair value that is due to factors other than a credit loss is recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss as an unrealized loss.

The Company reports accrued interest receivable separately from the AFS securities and has elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables. Uncollectible accrued interest is written off when the Company determines that no additional interest payments will be received. Classified within Other Receivables on the consolidated balance sheets, approximately $8,830 and $54,642 in interest income were receivable as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Interest earned on investment securities is reported in interest income, net of applicable adjustments for accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums accounted for over the life of the security or, in the case of callable securities, through the first call date, using the level yield method, with no prepayment anticipated.

Equity-Method Investments

When the Company does not have a controlling financial interest in an entity but can exert significant influence over the entity’s operating and financial policies, the investment is accounted for either (i) under the equity method of accounting or (ii) at fair value by electing the fair value option available under U.S. GAAP. Significant influence generally exists when the firm owns 20% to 50% of the entity’s common stock or in-substance common stock.

In general, the Company accounts for investments acquired at fair value. See Note 4 for further information about the Company’s investment in YFE’s equity securities accounted for under the fair value option.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation on property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from two to seven years. Maintenance, repairs, and renewals, which neither materially add to the value of the assets nor appreciably prolong their lives, are charged to expense as incurred. Gains and losses from any dispositions of property and equipment are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. Whenever events or circumstances change, an assessment is made as to whether there has been impairment to the value of long-lived assets by determining whether projected undiscounted cash flows generated by the applicable asset exceed its net book value as of the assessment date. Refer to Note 6 for details on the Company’s assessments of fair value as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Right-of-Use Leased Assets

The Company determines at contract inception whether the arrangement is a lease based on its ability to control a physically distinct asset and determines the classification of the lease as either operating or finance under FASB ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). For all leases, the Company combines all components of the lease including related nonlease components as a single component. Operating leases are reflected as Operating Lease Right-of-Use (“ROU”) Assets and Operating Lease Liabilities and finance leases are reflected as Finance Lease ROU assets and Finance Lease Liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company’s operating leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company estimates the incremental borrowing rate to reflect the profile of collateralized borrowing over the expected term of the leases based on the information available on the lease commencement date or for leases existing upon the date of initial adoption of ASC 842, the date of adoption. The implicit rates within the Company’s existing finance leases are determinable and therefore used to determine the present value of finance lease payments.

The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made prior to lease commencement date and excludes lease incentives. Specific lease terms used in computing the ROU assets and lease liabilities may include options to extend or terminate the lease when the Company is reasonably certain that it will exercise the option. The Company will reassess expected lease terms based on changes in circumstances that indicate options may be more or less likely to be exercised. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term within General and Administrative Expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. Lease incentives are recognized as a reduction to the lease expense on a straight-line basis over the underlying lease term. Refer to Notes 7 and 19 for details of the Company’s leases.

Film and Television Costs

The Company capitalizes production costs for episodic series produced in accordance with FASB ASC 926-20, Entertainment-Films - Other Assets - Film Costs. Accordingly, production costs are capitalized at actual cost and amortized using the individual-film-forecast method, whereby these costs are amortized, and participations costs are accrued based on the ratio of the current period’s revenues to management’s estimate of ultimate revenue expected to be recognized from each production. There are usually three stages for production projects with different costs incurred at each stage:

Productions in Development

Development costs include the costs of acquiring film rights to books, scripts or original screenplays and the third-party costs to adapt such projects, including visual development and design. Advances or contributions received from third parties to assist in development are deducted from these costs.

Productions in Progress

Capitalized development costs are reclassified to productions in progress once the project is approved and physical production of the film or television program commences. Capitalized costs include all direct production and financing costs incurred during production that are expected to provide future economic benefit to the Company. Borrowing costs and depreciation are capitalized to the cost of a film or television program until substantially all of the activities necessary to prepare the film or television program for its use intended by management are complete.

Completed Productions

Completed productions are carried at the cost of proprietary film and television programs which have been produced by the Company or to which the Company has acquired distribution rights, less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

Due to the inherent uncertainties involved in making such estimates of ultimate revenues and expenses, these estimates have differed in the past from actual results and are likely to differ to some extent in the future from actual results. In addition, in the normal course of business, some titles are more successful or less successful than anticipated. Management reviews the ultimate revenue and cost estimates on a title-by-title basis, when an event or change in circumstances indicates that the fair value of the production may be less than its unamortized cost. This may result in a change in the rate of amortization of film costs and participations and/or a write-down of all or a portion of the unamortized costs of the film or television production to its estimated fair value. An impairment charge is recorded in the amount by which the unamortized costs exceed the estimated fair value. These write-downs are included in amortization expense within Direct Operating Costs on the consolidated statements of operations.

All capitalized costs that exceed the initial market firm commitment revenue are expensed in the period of delivery of the episodes. Additionally, for episodic series, from time to time, the Company develops additional content, improved animation and bonus songs/features for its existing content. After the initial release of the episodic series, the costs of significant improvement to existing products are capitalized while routine and periodic alterations to existing products are expensed as incurred. Refer to Note 8 for details.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets have been acquired, either individually or with a group of other assets, and were initially recognized and measured based on fair value. The Company’s intangible assets consist of trademarks, trade names, customer relations and other assets. Annual amortization of these intangible assets is computed based on the straight-line method over the remaining economic life of the asset. The useful lives of intangible assets are reviewed periodically to determine whether adjustments are necessary based on changes in business conditions.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets are assessed for impairment annually or when a triggering event suggests their fair value may have fallen below their carrying amount. Impairment analysis of indefinite-lived intangible assets is evaluated using the relief-from-royalty method under the income approach, incorporating estimated future revenues attributable to the asset, assumed growth and royalty rates, based on comparable industry data, and an appropriate discount rate, reflecting risk-adjusted returns. Definite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when triggering events occur, using an entity-specific recoverability test based on undiscounted cash flows. If recoverability is not met, a fair value analysis is performed.

Changes in future results, assumptions, and estimates after the measurement date may lead to an outcome where additional impairment charges would be required in future periods. Specifically, actual results may vary from the Company’s forecasts and such variations may be material and unfavorable, thereby triggering the need for future impairment tests where the conclusions may differ in reflection of prevailing market conditions. Further, continued adverse market conditions could result in the recognition of additional impairment if the Company determines that the fair values of its reporting units have fallen below their carrying values.

Refer to Note 9 for details on the Company’s assessments of fair value as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Debt

We measure issued debt at amortized cost, net of any debt premiums, discounts, and debt issuance costs. These amounts are amortized over the life of the debt using the effective interest rate method, ensuring that interest expense reflects the underlying borrowing costs. In cases where the straight-line method results in an immaterial difference compared to the effective interest rate method, we may apply the straight-line method.

Equity-Linked Instruments

We analyze freestanding equity-linked instruments including warrants to conclude whether the instrument meets the definition of the derivative and whether it is considered indexed to our own stock. If the instrument is not considered indexed to our stock, it is classified as an asset or liability recorded at fair value. If the instrument is considered indexed to our stock, we analyze additional equity classification requirements per ASC 815-40, Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity. When the requirements are met, the instrument is recorded as part of our equity, initially measured based on its relative fair value with no subsequent re-measurement. When the equity classification requirements are not met, the instrument is recorded as an asset or liability and is measured at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings.

When required, we also consider the bifurcation guidance for embedded derivatives per ASC 815-15, Embedded Derivatives.

Treasury Stock

The Company records the repurchase of shares of its common stock at cost on the trade date of the transaction. These shares are considered treasury stock, which is a reduction to stockholders’ equity. Treasury stock is included in authorized and issued shares but excluded from outstanding shares.

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenue according to FASB ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”).

Revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in a contract with a customer. Revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of the products or services in a contract. Judgment is required in determining the timing of whether the transfer of control occurs at a point in time or over time and is discussed below. The Company evaluates each contract to identify separate performance obligations as a contract with a customer may have one or more performance obligations. Consideration in a contract with multiple performance obligations is allocated to the separate performance obligations based on their stand-alone selling prices. If a stand-alone selling price is not determinable, the Company estimates the stand-alone selling price using an adjusted market assessment approach. The Company’s main sources of revenue are derived from animation production services provided to third parties, the sale of licenses for the distribution of films and television programs, advertising revenues, and merchandising and licensing sales.

The Company has identified the following material and distinct performance obligations:

Production Services

Animation Production Services

For revenue from animation production services, the customer controls the output throughout the production process. Each production is made to an individual customer’s specifications and if the contract is terminated by the customer, the Company is entitled to be reimbursed for any costs incurred to date, and for any prepaid commitments made, plus the agreed contractual mark-up. Revenue and the associated costs of such contracts are recognized over time on a percentage of completion basis - i.e., as the project is being produced, prior to it being delivered to the customer. The percentage-of-completion is calculated based upon the proportion of costs incurred cumulatively to total expected costs. Changes in revenue recognized as a result of adjustments to total expected costs are recognized in profit or loss on a prospective basis. Invoices related to these projects are issued based on the achievement of milestones during the project or other contractual terms. The difference between contractual payments received and revenue recognized is recorded as deferred revenue when receipts exceed revenue. When revenue exceeds milestone billings, the Company recognizes this difference as unbilled accounts receivable within Other Receivable on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Unbilled accounts receivables are transferred to accounts receivable when the Company has an unconditional right to consideration.

When the outcome of an arrangement cannot be estimated reliably, revenue is recognized only to the extent of the expenses incurred that are recoverable.

Content Distribution

Film and Television Licensing

The Company recognizes revenue related to licensed rights to exploit functional IP in two ways; for minimum guarantees, the Company recognizes fixed revenue upon delivery of content and the start of the license period and for functional IP contracts with a variable component, the Company estimates revenue such that it is probable there will not be a material reversal of revenue in future periods. The Company recognizes revenue related to licensed rights to exploit symbolic IP substantially similarly to functional IP. Although it has a different recognition pattern from functional IP, the valuation method is substantially the same, depending on the nature of the license.

Invoices related to these projects are issued based on the achievement of milestones during the project or other contractual terms. The difference between contractual payments received and revenue recognized is recorded as deferred revenue when receipts exceed revenue. When revenue exceeds milestone billings, the Company recognizes this difference as unbilled accounts receivable within Other Receivable on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Unbilled accounts receivables are transferred to accounts receivable when the Company has an unconditional right to consideration.

Advertising Revenues

The Company received advertising revenue through its wholly-owned VOD services, Kartoon Channel! and Ameba TV. Additionally, advertising revenue is derived from Kartoon Channel! branded channels on Free Ad Supported Streaming TV services. Advertising sales are generated on advertising impressions served. For impressions served, the Company delivers a certain minimum number of impressions on the channel to the advertiser for which the advertiser pays a contractual cost per 1000 (mille) impressions (“CPM”). Impressions served are reported on a monthly basis, and revenue is reported in the month the impressions are served.

Upon the acquisition of Wow, the Company generates advertising revenue from Frederator’s owned and operated YouTube channels as well as revenues generated from the operation of its creator network, Channel Frederator Network, on YouTube. Revenue is recognized when services are provided in accordance with the Company’s agreement with YouTube, the price is fixed or determinable, and collection of the related receivable is probable. Receivables related to the advertising services are usually collectable within 30 days, which is shorter collection period compared to the Company’s average for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Licensing and Royalties

Merchandising and Licensing

The Company enters into merchandising and licensing agreements that allow licensees to produce merchandise utilizing certain of the Company’s intellectual property. For minimum guaranteed amounts that make up a contract, revenue is recognized over time, over the term of the license period commencing on the date at which the licensees can use and benefit from the licensed content. Variable consideration in excess of non-refundable guaranteed amounts, such as royalties and other contractual payments are recognized as revenue when the amounts are known and become due provided collectability is reasonably assured. Invoices are issued based on the contractual terms of an agreement and are usually payable within 30-45 days, which is a shorter collection period compared to the Company’s average for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Product Sales

The Company recognizes revenue related to product sales (e.g., apparel and collectibles) when the Company completes its performance obligation, which is when the goods are transferred to the buyer.

Media Advisory and Advertising Services

The Company provides media advisory and advertising consulting services to clients. Revenue is recognized when the services are performed or as paid through the monthly retainer. When the Company purchases advertising for clients on linear and across digital and streaming platforms and receives a commission, the commissions are recognized as revenue in the month the advertising is displayed.

Gross Versus Net Revenue Presentation

The Company evaluates individual arrangements with third parties to determine whether the Company acts as principal or agent under the terms. To the extent that the Company acts as the principal in an arrangement, revenues are reported on a gross basis, resulting in revenues and expenses being classified in their respective financial statement line items. To the extent that the Company acts as the agent in an arrangement, revenues are reported on a net basis, resulting in revenues being presented net of any expenses incurred in providing agency services. Determining whether the Company acts as principal or agent is based on an evaluation of which party has substantial risks and rewards of ownership under the terms of an arrangement. The most significant factors that the Company considers include identification of the primary obligor, as well as which party has credit risk, general and inventory risk and the latitude or ability in establishing prices.

Direct Operating Costs

Direct operating costs include costs of the Company’s product sales, non-capitalizable film costs, film and television cost amortization expense, impairment expenses related to film and television costs, and participation expense related to agreements with various animation studios, post-production studios, writers, directors, musicians or other creative talent with which the Company is obligated to share net profits of the properties on which they have rendered services. Upon the acquisition of Wow, the Company also includes the salaries and related service production employee costs of Wow as part of its direct operating costs.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company issues stock-based awards to employees and non-employees that are generally in the form of stock options or restricted stock units (“RSUs”). Share-based compensation cost is recorded for all options and RSUs based on the grant-date fair value of the award.

The fair value of stock options is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton (“BSM”) option pricing model, which requires management to make assumptions with respect to the fair value on the grant date. The assumptions are as follows: (i) the expected term assumption of the award is based on the Company’s historical exercise and post-vesting behavior (ii) the expected volatility assumption is based on historical and implied volatilities of the Company’s common stock calculated based on a period of time generally commensurate with the expected term of the award; (iii) the risk-free interest rates are based on the implied yield available on U.S. treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent expected term; (iv) and the expected dividend yields of the Company’s stock are based on history and expectations of future dividends payable. In the case of RSUs, the fair value is calculated based on the Company’s underlying common stock on the date of grant.

The Company recognizes compensation expense over the requisite service period ratably, using the graded attribution method, which is in-substance, recognizing multiple awards based on the vesting schedule. The Company has elected to account for forfeitures when they occur. The Company issues authorized shares available for issuance under the Company’s 2020 Incentive Plan upon employees’ exercise of their stock options.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs relate to the issuance of Wow’s Production Facilities and are recorded as a reduction to the carrying amount of debt and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the respective terms of the facilities. Debt issuance costs directly attributable to the acquisition or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share of common stock (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing net income (loss) applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing net income (loss) applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, plus the assumed exercise of all dilutive securities using the treasury stock or “as converted” method, as appropriate. During periods of net loss, all common stock equivalents are excluded from the diluted EPS calculation because they are antidilutive. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, all shares were deemed antidilutive.

Income Taxes

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using presently enacted tax rates. At each balance sheet date, the Company evaluates the available evidence about future taxable income and other possible sources of realization of deferred tax assets and records a valuation allowance that reduces the deferred tax assets to an amount that represents management’s best estimate of the amount of such deferred tax assets that more likely than not will be realized.

Concentration of Risk

The Company maintains its cash in bank deposit accounts which, at times, may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s (“FDIC”) or the Canadian Deposit Insurance Corporation’s (“CDIC”) insured amounts. Balances on interest bearing deposits at banks in the United States are insured by the FDIC up to $250,000 per account and deposits in banks in Canada are insured by the CDIC up to CAD 0.1 million. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had twelve and ten bank deposit accounts with an aggregate uninsured balance of $6.7 million and $2.5 million, respectively.

The Company has a managed account with a financial institution. The managed account maintains its investments in marketable securities of approximately $2.0 million and $12.0 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Assets in the managed account are protected by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”) up to $500,000 (with a limit of $250,000 for cash). In addition, the financial institution provides additional “excess of SIPC” coverage which insures up to $1.0 billion. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company did not have account balances held at this financial institution that exceed the insured balances.

The Company’s investment portfolio, consists of investment-grade securities and, although reduced in size compared to prior year, remains reasonably diversified among security types, industries and issuers. The Company’s policy limits the amount of credit exposure to any one security issue or issuer and the Company believes no significant concentration of credit risk exists with respect to these investments.

During year ended December 31, 2024, the Company had four customers, whose total revenue exceeded 10% of the total consolidated revenue. These customers accounted for 75.7% of the total revenue. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had three customers whose total accounts receivable exceeded 10% of the total accounts receivable. These customers accounted for 53.2% of the total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2024.

During year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had four customers whose total revenue exceeded 10% of the total consolidated revenue. These customers accounted for 74% of the total revenue. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had three customers whose total accounts receivable exceeded 10% of the total accounts receivable. These customers accounted for 63% of the total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2023.

There is significant financial risk associated with a dependence upon a small number of customers. The Company periodically assesses the financial strength of these customers and establishes allowances for any anticipated credit losses.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). These tiers include:

The carrying amounts of cash, restricted cash, receivables, payables, accrued liabilities, bank indebtedness and the margin loan approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of the instruments. The Company used the fair values of the liability-classified derivative warrants revalued at the end of each reporting period determined using the BSM option pricing model (Level 2) with standard valuation inputs. Refer to Note 16 for additional details. The investment in YFE is also revalued at the end of each reporting period based on the trading price of YFE (Level 2). Refer to Note 4 for additional details. Upon the acquisition of Wow, foreign currency forward contracts that are not traded in active markets were assumed. These are fair valued using observable forward exchange rates at the measurement dates and interest rates corresponding to the maturity of the contracts (Level 2).

The fair values of the AFS securities are generally based on quoted market prices, where available. These fair values are obtained primarily from third-party pricing services, which generally use Level 1 or Level 2 inputs for the determination of fair value to facilitate fair value measurements and disclosures. Level 2 securities primarily include corporate securities, securities from states, municipalities and political subdivisions, mortgage-backed securities, United States Government securities, foreign government securities, and certain other asset-backed securities. For securities not actively traded, the pricing services may use quoted market prices of comparable instruments or a variety of valuation techniques, incorporating inputs that are currently observable in the markets for similar securities.

The following table summarizes the marketable securities measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Fair values were determined for each individual security in the investment portfolio. The Company’s marketable securities are considered to be available-for-sale investments as defined under FASB ASC 320, Investments – Debt and Equity Securities. An allowance for credit loss was not recorded for the marketable securities as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 5 for additional details.

Financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities measured on a non-recurring basis are those that are adjusted to fair value when a significant event occurs and include the Company’s intangible assets and film and television costs.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting – Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures. The amendments enhance disclosures of significant segment expenses by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM), extend certain annual disclosures to interim periods, and permit more than one measure of segment profit or loss to be reported under certain conditions. The amendments are effective for the Company in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption of the amendment is permitted, including adoption in any interim periods for which financial statements have not been issued. The adoption of this ASU in the year ended December 31, 2024, resulted in updated disclosures within our financial statements, but did not impact the consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 21 for additional details.

New Accounting Standards Issued but Not Yet Adopted

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements. The new guidance clarifies or improves disclosure and presentation requirements on a variety of topics in the codification. The amendments will align the requirements in the FASB Accounting Standard Codification with the SEC’s regulations. The amendments are effective prospectively on the date each individual amendment is effectively removed from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have to the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, which is not expected to be material.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires that an entity, on an annual basis, disclose additional income tax information, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The amendment in the ASU is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in this Update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have to the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, which is expected to result in enhanced disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01, Scope Application of Profits Interests and Similar Awards. The ASU is intended to help entities determine whether profits interest and similar awards are in the scope of ASC 718, Stock Compensation. The ASU solely focuses on scope and does not address guidance on recognition, classification, attribution, or measurement. For PBEs, it is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and interim periods within those annual periods. For all other entities, it is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements. The amendments would be applied either retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements or prospectively to profits interest and similar awards granted or modified on or after the date at which the entity first applies the amendments. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have to the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, which is expected to result in enhanced disclosures.

In November, 2024 the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income — Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expense. This update mandates that public companies provide more detailed information about specific expenses in their financial statement notes. The effective date for this guidance is annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, with interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have to the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, which is expected to result in enhanced disclosures.